Tag Archives: La Reunion

Tropical Cyclone Gamane Brings Wind and Rain to Northern Madagascar

Tropical Cyclone Gamane brought strong winds and heavy rain to northern Madagacar on Wednesday. At 11:00 a.m. EDT on Wednesday the center of Tropical Cyclone Gamane was located at latitude 13.5°S and longitude 49.1°E which put it about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Ambilobe, Madagascar. Gamane was moving toward the southwest at 6 m.p.h. (10 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 65 m.p.h. (105 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 80 m.p.h. (130 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 991 mb.

Tropical Cyclone Gamane rapidly intensified to the equivalent of a hurricane/typhoon before it made landfall on the coast of northern Madagascar near Iharana on Tuesday night. The circulation around Gamane was small at the time of landfall. Winds to hurricane/typhoon force extended out 25 miles (40 km) from the center of Tropical Cyclone Gamane at the time of landfall. Winds to tropical storm force only extended out 65 miles (105 km) from the center of Gamane’s circulation.

Tropical Cyclone Gamane weakened after the center of circulation moved over land. However, the circulation around Tropical Cyclone Gamane remained well organized. Thunderstorms were still occurring near the center of Gamane’s circulation. Bands of showers and thunderstorms were revolving around the center of circulation. Storms near the center of Gamane generated upper level divergence that pumped mass away from the tropical cyclone. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 65 miles (105 km) from the center of Tropical Cyclone Gamane.

Tropical Cyclone Gamane will move around the western end of a high pressure system over the South Indian Ocean. The high pressure system will steer Gamane toward the south during the next 24 hours. On its anticipated track, Tropical Cyclone Gamane will move toward the south over northern Madagascar. Gamane will continue to weaken while the center of circulation is over land. Even though Tropical Cyclone Gamane will weaken, it will continue to drop heavy rain over parts of northern Madagascar. Heavy rain will cause floods in some locations.

An upper level trough southwest of Madagascar will start to steer Tropical Cyclone Gamane toward the southeast in a day or so. The center of Gamane is likely to move back over the Southwest Indian Ocean on Friday. Tropical Cyclone Gamane could strengthen once the center of circulation moves back over water. Gamane could affect La Reunion and Mauritius during the weekend.

Tropical Cyclone Eleanor Weakens South of Mauritius

Tropical Cyclone Eleanor weakened south of Mauritius on Friday. At 10:00 a.m. EST on Friday the center of Tropical Cyclone Eleanor was located at latitude 23.9°S and longitude 58.4°E which put it about 265 miles (430 km) south-southeast of Port Louis, Mauritius. Eleanor was moving toward the south at 5 m.p.h. (8 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 50 m.p.h. (80 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 65 m.p.h. (105 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 995 mb.

An upper level trough southeast of Madagascar produced strong northwesterly winds that blew across the top of Tropical Cyclone Eleanor. Those winds caused strong vertical wind shear. The strong upper level winds also blew the upper part pf Eleanor’s circulation to the southeast of the circulation in the lower levels of the atmosphere. Bands revolving around the center of Tropical Cyclone Eleanor consisted primarily of showers and lower clouds. A few thunderstorms were still occurring in bands in the southeastern periphery of Eleanor’s circulation. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 140 miles (225 km) from the center of Tropical Cyclone Eleanor.

Tropical Cyclone Eleanor will move through an environment unfavorable for intensification during the next 36 hours. Eleanor will move over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are near 27°C. However, the upper level trough south of Madagascar will continue to cause strong vertical wind shear. The strong wind shear will cause Tropical Cyclone Eleanor to continue to weaken during the next 36 hours.

Since the circulation around Tropical Cyclone Eleanor exists in the lower levels of the atmosphere, it will be steered by winds in those levels. Eleanor will move around the northern side of a high pressure system over the South Indian Ocean. The high pressure system will steer Eleanor toward the west. On its anticipated track, Tropical Cyclone Eleanor will move south of Mauritius and La Reunion during the next 36 hours.

Elsewhere over the South Indian Ocean, Tropical Cyclone Lincoln continued to spin near the coast of Western Australia. At 10:00 a.m. EST on Friday the center of Tropical Cyclone Lincoln was located at latitude 19.3°S and longitude 113.5°E which put it about 245 miles (395 km) north of Exmouth, Australia. Lincoln was moving toward the southwest at 5 m.p.h. (8 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 45 m.p.h. (75 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 60 m.p.h. (95 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 999 mb. A Warning was in effect for the portion of the coast from Onslow to Wooramel Roadhouse, Australia. The Warning included Exmouth and Carnarvon.

Tropical Cyclone Belal Brings Strong Winds, Heavy Rain to La Reunion

Tropical Cyclone Belal brought strong winds and heavy rain to La Reunion on Monday. A Red Alert was in effect for La Reunion. At 10:00 a.m. EST on Monday the center of Tropical Cyclone Belal was located at latitude 21.5°S and longitude 56.5°E which put it about 75 miles (120 km) southeast of St. Denis, La Reunion. Belal was moving toward the southeast at 9 m.p.h. (15 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 85 m.p.h. (135 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 100 m.p.h. (160 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 975 mb.

Tropical Cyclone Belal produced strong winds and dropped heavy rain in La Reunion on Monday. A weather station at Roland Garros Airport in St.Denis, La Reunion reported a sustained wind speed of 56 kt (64 m.p.h. or 104 km/h) and a wind gust of 76 kt (87 m.p.h. or 141 km/h). A weather station at Plaines Des Palmistes measured 698.8 mm (27.51 inches) of rain during the past 24 hours. A weather station at Bellecombe-Jacob measured 667.4 mm (26.27 inches) of rain during the past 24 hours. The weather station at Roland Garros Airport reported 189.9 mm (7.47 inches) of rain during the past 24 hours.

There were also reports of heavy rain and flooding in Mauritius. A weather station at Quatre Bornes, Mauritius reported 176.9 mm (6.96 inches) of rain during the past 24 hours.

Tropical Cyclone Belal was the equivalent of a hurricane/typhoon. Winds to hurricane/typhoon force extended out 35 miles (55 km) from the center of Belal’s circulation. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 130 miles (210 km) from the center of circulation. The Hurricane Intensity Index (HII) for Tropical Cyclone Belal was 12.7. The Hurricane Size Index (HSI) was 12.5 and the Hurricane Wind Intensity Size Index (HWISI) was 25.2. Tropical Cyclone Belal was similar in size and intensity to Hurricane Dolly when Dolly hit south Texas in 2008.

Tropical Cyclone Belal will move through an environment unfavorable for intensification during the next 24 hours. Belal will move over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are near 27°C. It will move under the southern part of an upper level ridge over the Southwest Indian Ocean. The upper level ridge will produce westerly winds that will blow toward the top of Belal’s circulation. Those winds will cause moderate vertical wind shear. The vertical wind shear is likely to cause Tropical Cyclone Belal to weaken gradually during the next 24 hours.

Tropical Cyclone Belal will move around the western part of a high pressure system over the South Indian Ocean. The high pressure system will steer Belal toward the east-southeast during the next 24 hours. On its anticipated track, Tropical Cyclone Belal will move slowly away from La Reunion during the next 24 hours. The center of Belal’s circulation will be south of Mauritius later today.

The strong winds will gradually weaken over La Reunion as Tropical Cyclone Belal moves farther away. Heavy rain will also diminish. Gust winds and locally heavy rain will continue to affect Mauritius during the next 24 hours. Prolonged heavy rain will cause additional flooding in Mauritius.

Tropical Cyclone Belal Nears La Reunion

Tropical Cyclone Belal neared La Reunion on Sunday night. A Violet Alert was in effect for La Reunion. At 10:00 p.m. EST on Sunday the center of Tropical Cyclone Belal was located at latitude 20.7°S and longitude 54.8°E which put it about 50 miles (80 km) west of St. Denis, La Reunion. Belal was moving toward the southeast at 7 m.p.h. (11 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 105 m.p.h. (165 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 125 m.p.h. (200 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 968 mb.

Tropical Cyclone Belal intensified to the equivalent of a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale as it approached La Reunion on Sunday. A small eye was present at the center of Belal’s circulation on some microwave satellite images. The eye was surrounded by a ring of thunderstorms and the strongest winds were occurring in that ring of storms. Bands of showers and thunderstorms were revolving around the core of Tropical Cyclone Belal. Storms near the core generated upper level divergence that pumped mass away from the tropical cyclone.

The circulation around Tropical Cyclone Belal was relatively small. Winds to hurricane/typhoon force extended out 25 miles (40 km) from the center of Belal’s circulation. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 80 miles (130 km) from the center of circulation. The Hurricane Intensity Index (HII) for Tropical Cyclone Belal was 17.8. The Hurricane Size Index (HSI) was 7.8 and the Hurricane Wind Intensity Size Index (HWISI) was 25.6. Tropical Cyclone Belal was capable of causing localized serious damage.

Tropical Cyclone Belal will move through an environment somewhat favorable for intensification during the next 24 hours. Belal will move over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are near 28°C. It will move under the southern part of an upper level ridge over the Southwest Indian Ocean. The upper level ridge will produce westerly winds that will blow toward the top of Belal’s circulation. Those winds will cause some vertical wind shear. The vertical wind shear could prevent Tropical Cyclone Belal from intensifying on Monday.

Tropical Cyclone Belal will move around the western part of a high pressure system over the South Indian Ocean. The high pressure system will steer Belal toward the east-southeast during the next 24 hours. On its anticipated track, the center of Tropical Cyclone Belal will reach La Reunion during the next few hours. Tropical Cyclone Belal will bring strong winds and heavy rain to La Reunion. The core of Belal’s circulation with the strongest winds could pass directly over La Reunion. The strong winds will be capable of causing serious damage. Heavy rain will likely cause flash floods in some location. Belal could cause a storm surge of up to 10 feet (3 meters) along parts of the coast of La Reunion. Bands in the northern part of Tropical Cyclone Belal will also bring gusty winds and locally heavy rain to Mauritius.

Tropical Cyclone Belal Strengthens to Equivalent of a Hurricane/Typhoon

Tropical Cyclone Belal strengthened to the equivalent of a hurricane/typhoon over the Southwest Indian Ocean on Saturday. At 10:00 p.m. EST on Saturday the center of Tropical Cyclone Belal was located at latitude 18.4°S and longitude 53.5°E which put it about 200 miles (325 km) northwest of St. Denis, la Reunion. Belal was moving toward the southwest at 5 m.p.h. (8 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 80 m.p.h. (130 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 100 m.p.h. (160 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 980 mb.

Tropical Cyclone Belal strengthened to the equivalent of a hurricane/typhoon over the Southwest Indian Ocean northwest of la Reunion on Saturday. The inner end of a rainband wrapped around the northern and eastern sides of the center Belal’s circulation. An eye appeared to be forming at the center of circulation. Bands of showers and thunderstorms revolved around the core of Tropical Cyclone Belal. Storms near the core generated upper level divergence that pumped mass away from the tropical cyclone. The removal of mass caused the surface pressure to decrease.

The circulation around Tropical Cyclone Belal was more symmetrical on Saturday. Winds to hurricane/typhoon force extended out 25 miles (40 km) from the center of Belal’s circulation. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 105 miles (165 km) from the center of circulation. The Hurricane Intensity Index (HII) for Tropical Cyclone Belal was 11.6. The Hurricane Size Index (HSI) was 10.0 and the Hurricane Wind Intensity Size Index (HWISI) was 21.6.

Tropical Cyclone Belal will move through an environment favorable for intensification during the next 24 hours. Belal will move over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are near 30°C. It will move under the axis of an upper level ridge over the Southwest Indian Ocean. The upper level winds are weak near the axis of the ridge and there will be little vertical wind shear. Tropical Cyclone Belal will continue to intensify on Sunday. Belal could intensify rapidly after an inner core with an eye and an eyewall is fully developed. Tropical Cyclone Belal could strengthen to the equivalent of a major hurricane during the next 36 hours.

Tropical Cyclone Belal will move around the western part of a high pressure system over the South Indian Ocean. The high pressure system will steer Belal toward the southeast during the next 36 hours. On its anticipated track, the center of Tropical Cyclone Belal could reach la Reunion in 36 hours. Belal could be the equivalent of a major hurricane when it reaches la Reunion. Tropical Cyclone Belal will bring strong winds and heavy rain to la Reunion. The strong winds will be capable of causing major damage. Heavy rain will likely cause flash floods in some location. Belal could cause a storm surge of up to 12 feet (3.6 meters) along parts of the coast of la Reunion. Tropical Cyclone Belal will also bring gusty winds and locally heavy rain to Mauritius.

Tropical Cyclone Belal Forms over Southwest Indian Ocean

Tropical Cyclone Belal formed over the Southwest Indian Ocean on Friday. At 10:00 p.m. EST on Friday the center of Tropical Cyclone Belal was located at latitude 14.9°S and longitude 55.5°E which put it about 400 miles (605 km) north of Port Louis, Mauritius. Belal was moving toward the southwest at 8 m.p.h. (13 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 60 m.p.h. (95 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 75 m.p.h. (120 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 995 mb.

A low pressure system over the Southwest Indian Ocean north-northwest of Mauritius strengthened on Friday and Meteo France la Reunion designated the system as Tropical Cyclone Belal. More thunderstorms formed near center center of Belal’s circulation. Thunderstorms also increased in bands revolving around the center of Tropical Cyclone Belal. Storms near the center of circulation generated upper level divergence that pumped mass away from the tropical cyclone. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 90 miles (145 km) from the center of Belal’s circulation.

Tropical Cyclone Belal will move through an environment favorable for intensification during the next 24 hours. Belal will move over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are near 30°C. It will move under the axis of an upper level ridge over the Southwest Indian Ocean. The upper level winds are weak near the axis of the ridge and there will be little vertical wind shear. Tropical Cyclone Belal will intensify to the equivalent of a hurricane/typhoon during the next 24 hours. Belal could intensify rapidly after an inner core with an eye and an eyewall develops. Tropical Cyclone Belal could strengthen to the equivalent of a major hurricane during the next 72 hours.

Tropical Cyclone Belal will move around the western part of a high pressure system over the South Indian Ocean during the next 24 hours. The high pressure system will steer Belal toward the southwest on Saturday. Tropical Cyclone Belal will turn back toward the southeast after it moves around the western end of the high pressure system. On its anticipated track, Tropical Cyclone Belal could approach Mauritius and La Reunion in 60 hours. Belal could be the equivalent of a major hurricane when it approaches Mauritius and La Reunion.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro Starts Extratropical Transition

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro started to make a transition to an extratropical cyclone over the Southwest Indian Ocean south of La Reunion on Wednesday. At 10:00 p.m. EST on Wednesday the center of Tropical Cyclone Alvaro was located at latitude 26.8°S and longitude 54.9°E which put it about 405 miles (655 km) south of St. Denis, La Reunion. Alvaro was moving toward the southeast at 21 m.p.h. (33 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 40 m.p.h. (65 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 50 m.p.h. (80 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 998 mb.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro began a transition to an extratropical cyclone on Wednesday. Alvaro moved over cooler water. In addition, an upper level ridge over the Southwest Indian Ocean produced strong westerly winds that blew toward the top of Alvaro’s circulation. Those winds caused strong vertical wind shear. The combination of cooler water and strong vertical wind shear caused the structure of Tropical Cyclone Alvaro to change. Thunderstorms were occurring in bands in the southeastern part of Alvaro’s circulation. Bands in the other parts of the circulation consisted primarily of showers and lower clouds. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 150 miles (240 km) from the center of Tropical Cyclone Alvaro.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro will move through an environment unfavorable for a tropical cyclone during the next 24 hours. Alvaro will move over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are colder than 26°C. It will continue to move under the southern part of an upper level ridge over the Southwest Indian Ocean. The upper level ridge will continue to cause strong vertical wind shear. The colder water and strong vertical wind shear will cause Tropical Cyclone Alvaro to continue its transition to an extratropical cyclone.

The upper level ridge over the Southwest Indian Ocean will steer Tropical Cyclone Alvaro toward the southeast during the next 24 hours. On its anticipated track, Tropical Cyclone Alvaro will pass south of Mauritius on Thursday.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro Moves East of Madagascar

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro moved east of Madagascar on Tuesday. At 10:00 p.m. EST on Tuesday the center of Tropical Cyclone Alvaro was located at latitude 23.1°S and longitude 50.3°E which put it about 150 miles (240 km) east of Farafangana, Madagascar. Alvaro was moving toward the east-southeast at 13 m.p.h. (21 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 45 m.p.h. (75 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 60 m.p.h. (95 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 999 mb.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro weakened to the equivalent of a tropical depression before it moved over the Southwest Indian Ocean east of Madagascar on Tuesday. Alvaro began to intensify slowly after it moved back over water. More thunderstorms began to develop in bands revolving around the center of Tropical Cyclone Alvaro. Those thunderstorms generated upper level divergence that pumped mass away to the east of the tropical cyclone. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 75 miles (120 km) from the center of Alvaro’s circulation.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro will move through an environment somewhat favorable for intensification during the next 24 hours. Alvaro will move over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are near 27°C. It will move under the southern part of an upper level ridge over the Southwest Indian Ocean. The upper level ridge will produce westerly winds that will blow toward the top of Alvaro’s circulation. Those winds will cause moderate vertical wind shear. The wind shear will inhibit intensification, but the shear may not be enough to prevent some intensification. Tropical Cyclone Alvaro could continue to slowly intensify on Wednesday.

The upper level ridge over the Mozambique Channel will steer Tropical Cyclone Alvaro toward the east-southeast during the next 24 hours. On its anticipated track, Tropical Cyclone Alvaro will move farther east of Madagascar. Alvaro will pass south of La Reunion and Mauritius in 36 hours.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro Brings Wind and Rain to Southern Madagascar

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro brought wind and rain to southern Madagascar on Monday. At 10:00 p.m. EST on Monday the center of Tropical Cyclone Alvaro was located at latitude 21.5°S and longitude 45.3°E which put it about 40 miles (65 km) north of Fianarantsoa, Madagascar. Alvaro was moving toward the east at 12 m.p.h. (19 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 50 m.p.h. (80 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 65 m.p.h. (105 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 997 mb.

The center of Tropical Cyclone Alvaro made landfall on the coast of southwest Madagascar north of Morombe on Monday. Alvaro was near hurricane/typhoon intensity at the time of landfall. A circular eye was at the center of Alvaro’s circulation at the time of landfall. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 85 miles (135 km) from the center of circulation. Tropical Cyclone Alvaro moved eastward across southern Madagascar and the center was north of Fianarantsoa on Sunday night. Heavy rain was falling over parts of southern Madagascar.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro weakened after it moved over southern Madagascar on Monday, but Alvaro’s circulation continued to exhibit organization. Bands of showers and thunderstorms were revolving around the center of circulation. Storms near the center of Alvaro generated upper level divergence that pumped mass away to the east of the tropical cyclone. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 60 miles (95 km) from the center of Tropical Cyclone Alvaro.

Tropical Cyclone Alvaro will continue to weaken while the center of circulation moves eastward over southern Madagascar. The center of Alvaro’s circulation could move over the southwest Indian Ocean east of Madagascar in 24 hours. Tropical Cyclone Alvaro will move into an environment somewhat favorable for intensification when it moves back over water. Alvaro will move over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are near 28°C. It will move under the southern part of an upper level ridge over the southwest Indian Ocean. The upper level ridge will produce westerly winds that will blow toward the top of Alvaro’s circulation. Those winds will cause moderate vertical wind shear. The wind shear will inhibit intensification, but the shear may not be enough to prevent some intensification. Tropical Cyclone Alvaro could intensify when the center moves back over water east of Madagascar.

The upper level ridge over the Mozambique Channel will steer Tropical Cyclone Alvaro toward the east-southeast during the next 24 hours. On its anticipated track, Tropical Cyclone Alvaro will continue to move eastward across southern Madagascar. Heavy rain could cause flash floods in some parts of southern Madagascar. Alvaro will move off the coast of southeast Madagascar between Mananjary and Manakara in about 24 hours. Tropical Cyclone Alvaro could pass south of La Reunion and Mauritius later this week.

Tropical Cyclone Freddy Passes North of Mauritius

Tropical Cyclone Freddy passed north of Mauritius on Monday morning. At 10:00 a.m. EST on Monday the center of Tropical Cyclone Freddy was located at latitude 19.2°S and longitude 56.0°E which put it about 85 miles (135 km) north-northwest of Port Louis, Mauritius. Freddy was moving toward the west-southwest at 21 m.p.h. (33 km/h). The maximum sustained wind speed was 140 m.p.h. (225 km/h) and there were wind gusts to 165 m.p.h. (270 km/h). The minimum surface pressure was 937 mb.

The center of Tropical Cyclone Freddy passed north of Mauritius on Monday morning. Bands in the southern side of Freddy’s circulation brought gusty winds and heavy rain to Mauritius. A circular eye with a diameter of 30 miles (50 km) was at the center of Tropical Cyclone Freddy. The eye was surrounded by a ring of strong thunderstorms and the strongest winds were occurring in that ring of storms. Bands of showers and thunderstorms were revolving around the core of Freddy’s circulation. Storms near the core generated strong upper level divergence that pumped mass away from the tropical cyclone.

The circulation around Tropical Cyclone Freddy was very symmetrical. Winds to hurricane/typhoon force extended out 40 miles (65 km) from the center of Freddy’s circulation. Winds to tropical storm force extended out 115 miles (185 km) from the center of circulation. The Hurricane Intensity Index (HII) for Freddy was 28.3. The Hurricane Size Index (HSI) was 13.0 and the Hurricane Wind Intensity Size Index (HWISI) was 41.3. Tropical Cyclone Freddy was stronger than Hurricane Harvey was, when Harvey hit the coast of Texas in 2017. Freddy was similar in size to Harvey. Tropical Cyclone Freddy was capable of causing regional severe damage.

Tropical Cyclone Freddy will continue to move through an environment that will be favorable for a strong tropical cyclone during the next 24 hours. Freddy will move over over water where the Sea Surface Temperatures are near 28˚C. An upper level ridge over the South Indian Ocean will produce easterly winds that will blow toward the top of Freddy’s circulation. The winds in the lower levels of the atmosphere will also blow from the east. So, there will be little vertical wind shear. If the inner end of a rainband wraps around the existing eye and eyewall, then concentric eyewalls could form. Concentric eyewalls would cause an eyewall replacement cycle that would cause Tropical Cyclone Freddy to weaken.

Tropical Cyclone Freddy will move around the northern part of a high pressure system over the South Indian Ocean. The high pressure system will steer Freddy toward the west-southwest during the next 24 hours. On its anticipated track, Tropical Cyclone Freddy will be north of La Reunion later today. Bands in the southern side of Freddy’s circulation will bring gusty winds and locally heavy rain to Mauritius and La Reunion during the next 24 hours. Heavy rain could cause flash floods in some locations. Tropical Cyclone Freddy will approach the east coast of Madagascar in 24 hours. Freddy is likely to still be the equivalent of a major hurricane when it hits Madagascar.